{"id":9,"date":"2025-01-17T22:11:42","date_gmt":"2025-01-17T22:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/?p=9"},"modified":"2025-01-31T08:25:18","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T08:25:18","slug":"world-wide-web","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/tehnologii-web\/world-wide-web\/","title":{"rendered":"World Wide Web"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conceptul esen\u0163ial al spa\u0163iului World Wide Web \u00eel reprezint\u0103 conceptul de <em><strong>comunicare<\/strong><\/em>, pe care de altfel se bazeaz\u0103 orice re\u0163ea de calculatoare. \u00cenainte de a defini spa\u0163iul World Wide Web, trebuie precizat mai \u00eent\u00e2i ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 o <strong>re\u0163ea de calculatoare<\/strong>, respectiv <strong>Internetul<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ce reprezint\u0103 o  <em>re\u0163ea<\/em> <em>de<\/em> <em>calculatoare<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O<strong> <em>re\u0163ea<\/em> <em>de<\/em> <em>calculatoare<\/em> <\/strong>reprezint\u0103 un ansamblu de calculatoare independente ca- pabile s\u0103 comunice \u00eentre ele prin intermediul unor canale de comunica\u0163ie. A\u015fadar, o re\u0163ea poate fi privit\u0103 drept <strong>colec\u0163ie de calculatoare autonome interconectate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Luat \u00een sine, <strong><em>Internetul<\/em> <\/strong>este o re\u0163ea de re\u0163ele, prin care utilizatorii unui calculator sau ai unei re\u0163ele pot accesa diverse sisteme apar\u0163in\u00e2nd altor re\u0163ele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Precursorul Internetului, <em><strong>ARPAnet<\/strong><\/em> (<em>Advanced<\/em> <em>Research<\/em> <em>Projects<\/em> <em>Agency<\/em> <em>network<\/em>) a fost dezvoltat la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul anilor \u201960 \u015fi \u00eenceputul anilor \u201970 de c\u0103tre Departamentul de Ap\u0103rare al Statelor Unite ca experiment \u00een plin <a href=\"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C4%83zboiul_Rece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">r\u0103zboi rece<\/a>, dup\u0103 lansarea primului satelit artificial, Sputnik. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De la \u00eenceput, utilizarea re\u0163elei \u00een scopuri academice \u015fi pentru comunica\u0163ii \u015ftiin\u0163ifice a condus la o oarecare \u00eendep\u0103rtare de scopul ini\u0163ial \u2013 folosirea exclusiv\u0103 \u00een medii militare. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prima demonstra\u0163ie public\u0103 a re\u0163elei ARPAnet a avut loc \u00een 1972, soldat\u0103 cu un nea\u015fteptat succes, \u00een ciuda scepticismului dezvoltatorilor ei. Acest aspect a stimulat activitatea de cercetare, ap\u0103r\u00e2nd cur\u00e2nd noi re\u0163ele, iar programatorii fiind \u00eencuraja\u0163i s\u0103 adauge noi facilit\u0103\u0163i sistemului de operare Unix folosit la interconectarea re\u0163elelor. Astfel, \u00een me-diul prielnic oferit de sistemul de operare Unix, au fost dezvoltate \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 primele protocoale de comunica\u0163ie, culmin\u00e2nd \u00een 1974 cu suita de protocoale <strong><em>TCP\/IP<\/em> (<em>Transmission<\/em> <em>Control<\/em> <em>Protocol\/Internet<\/em> <em>Protocol<\/em>)<\/strong>. Meritul acesteia este acela de a furniza o mo dalitate universal\u0103 \u015fi standardizat\u0103 de comunicare \u00eentre re\u0163elele de calculatoare, folosit\u0103 \u015fi \u00een prezent pentru conectarea la Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reproiectarea modelului ARPAnet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen anul 1980, <em>NSF<\/em> (<em>National<\/em> <em>Science<\/em> <em>Foundation<\/em>) reproiecteaz\u0103 modelul ARPAnet, transform\u00e2ndu-l \u00eentr-o re\u0163ea modern\u0103, noua arhitectura primind numele de <strong>Internet<\/strong>, interconect\u00e2nd la \u00eenceput super-calculatoare guvernamentale, institu\u0163ii academice \u015fi centre de cercetare \u015fi utiliz\u00e2nd suita standard de protocoale de comunica\u0163ie reprezentat\u0103 de <strong><em>TCP\/IP<\/em> <\/strong>(<em>Transmission<\/em> <em>Control<\/em> <em>Protocol\/Internet<\/em> <em>Protocol<\/em>). \u00cen anii care urmeaz\u0103, Internetul se dezvolt\u0103 spectaculos, \u00eentr-o manier\u0103 exponen\u0163ial\u0103, poate \u015fi datorit\u0103 apari\u0163iei unei variet\u0103\u0163i de furnizori de servicii Internet comerciale, la nivel mondial, mai ales \u00een cursul anilor \u201990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, o dezvoltare accentuat\u0103 a Internetului, la toate nivelele, s-a produs \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anii 1993-1994, dar mai ales dup\u0103 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De re\u0163inut faptul c\u0103 Internul nu este proprietatea nici unei persoane sau organiza\u0163ii, afl\u00e2ndu-se sub coordonarea unor societ\u0103\u0163i independente, constituite din voluntari, dintre care se pot aminti <em>ISOC<\/em> (<em>Internet<\/em> <em>Society<\/em>) sau <em>IETF<\/em> (<em>Internet<\/em> <em>Engineering<\/em> <em>Task<\/em> <em>Force<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Serviciile tradi\u0163ionale ale Internetului din anii \u201980<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Serviciile tradi\u0163ionale ale Internetului se rezumau \u00een anii \u201980 la <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>po\u015fta electronic\u0103 (<em>e-mail<\/em>), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>accesul la grupuri de \u015ftiri (<em>usenet<\/em>), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>conectare la distan\u0163\u0103 (<em>telnet<\/em>) \u015fi <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>transfer de fi\u015fiere (<em>FTP<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00cen 1990-1991 apar dou\u0103 noi servicii (acum disp\u0103rute): <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><em>Archie<\/em> <\/strong> utilizat pentru c\u0103utarea fi\u015fierelor pe Internet \u015fi <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><strong>Gopher<\/strong><\/em>, structur\u0103 de meniuri ierarhizate facilit\u00e2nd organizarea documentelor pe Internet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De notat faptul c\u0103 func\u0163ionarea Internetului este reglementat\u0103 de o serie de documente disponibile \u00een cadrul colec\u0163iei globale <em>RFC<\/em> (<em>Request<\/em> <em>For<\/em> <em>Comments<\/em>) \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/rfc\/\"><strong>www.ietf.org\/rfc\/<\/strong>.<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O parte dintre aceste documente specific\u0103 arhitectura \u015fi standardele protocoalelor de co- munica\u0163ie existente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(&#8220;Tehnologii Web&#8221;, Sabin Corneliu Buraga, 2007)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Conceptul esen\u0163ial al spa\u0163iului World Wide Web \u00eel reprezint\u0103 conceptul de comunicare, pe care de altfel se bazeaz\u0103 orice re\u0163ea de calculatoare. \u00cenainte de a defini spa\u0163iul World Wide Web,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":38,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1-fundamente-si-istoric","category-tehnologii-web"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":230,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9\/revisions\/230"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/38"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/creare-website-consultanta.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}